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Title: Agricultural Advisors In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three agricultural advisers stand in a sugar cane field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. The Salvadoran political elite viewed labor unions and land reform advocates as subversive enemies of the state and considered its leaders to be as dangerous as the guerrilla insurgency. El Salvador is a country burdened with one of the most rigid class structures in all of Latin America. Resistance to labor unions and land redistribution can be attributed to the economic oligarchy's overwhelming influence in the political and military spheres.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Oligarchy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0271_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96399
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer stands next to a water tank after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0269_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96397
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer on the cooperative El Sunza stands next to a hillside in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; Daily life
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0270_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96398
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer walks with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0065_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96193
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer farmer weeds with his machete after working in a corn field on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously employed in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0066_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96194
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Four day laborer farmers stand in a field they recently cleared on the cooperative farm El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; Insurgency
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0067_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96195
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Campesinos In Sonsonate, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A day laborer uses a long-bladed saw to cut wooden planks on the cooperative El Sunza in Sonsonate, El Salvador, October 7, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Agriculture; Labor; Export; Oligarchy; Land reform; Insurgency
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0068_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96196
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Coffee Harvest In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran laborers use a cucharón to load bags of freshly picked coffee beans for export at a privately-owned coffee finca in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1982. El Salvador relied on a primary-export economic model throughout the 20th century with the production of sugar cane, coffee, and cotton as the country's principal national income.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Economy; Labor; Agriculture; Land reform; Oligarchy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0092_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96220
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Coffee Workers In Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Date: 1983-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran laborers load bags of freshly picked coffee beans destined for export at a privately-owned coffee finca in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, October 1, 1983. El Salvador's primary-export economic structure in the 20th century concentrated land ownership and income in the hands of a small economic elite. This oligarchy effectively marginalized the rural sector of the population by closing political and social arenas as well as economic, which resulted in high levels of support for guerrilla insurgents in certain departments of the country.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Agriculture; Economy; Export; Land reform; Oligarchy; Insurgency
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0028_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96156
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Farmer Receives Land Grant From Salvadoran President and Minister of Defense
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Salvadoran President Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja (1925 - 2001), second left, stands next to Minister of Defense General José Guillermo García, center, as he hands a Salvadoran farmer, right, the title to a plot of land as part of an agrarian reform and land transfer program at a ceremony in San Salvador, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy; José Guillermo García
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja; José Guillermo García
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0028_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96495
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Farmer With Land Grant
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified farmer stands in his field of tomatoes after receiving the title to his family’s new plot of land in San Vicente department, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. He received the title as part of a national agrarian reform and land transfer program initiated in 1980. The reform, which was designed and funded by the United States, followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0030_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96497
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Farmer With Land Grant
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified farmer, right, speaks to a field worker, left, in San Vicente department, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. The land had been newly transferred to the farmer as part of a national agrarian reform and land transfer program initiated in 1980. The reform, which was designed and funded by the United States, followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0031_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96498
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Farming Family With Land Grant
Date: 1982-07-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: An unidentified farmer stands with his family as he holds the title to their new plot of land in San Vicente department, El Salvador, July 1, 1982. He received the title as part of a national agrarian reform and land transfer program initiated in 1980. The reform, which was designed and funded by the United States, followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0029_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96496
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: FPL Forces Hold Rally In La Palma, Chalatenango Province
Date: 1983-02-06
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Armed guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, disembark from a passenger bus in La Palma, El Salvador, February 6, 1983. FPL joined the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, on October 10, 1980 with the collective strategy and demands of dissolving the army and paramilitary security forces and establishing effective national agrarian reform. Despite ideological differences between the five organizations, FMLN became the strongest guerrilla army in Latin America in the Cold War period.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Land reform; Cold War; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0168_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96296

Title: FPL Forces Hold Rally In La Palma, Chalatenango Province
Date: 1983-02-06
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, hold a political banner for the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, during a rally in La Palma, El Salvador, February 6, 1983. FPL joined the FMLN on October 10, 1980 with the collective strategy and demands of dissolving the army and paramilitary security forces and establishing effective national agrarian reform. Despite ideological differences between the five organizations, FMLN became the strongest guerrilla army in Latin America in the Cold War period.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Land reform; Cold War; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0170_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96298

Title: Rural Land Distribution In San Vicente Department
Date: 1983-06-26
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Salvadoran husband and wife couple stand on their deeded farmland in San Vicente department, El Salvador, June 26, 1983. Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. The reform followed the model previously implemented in the Vietnam War of dividing large pieces of land into cooperatives in an effort to pacify a population considered to be sympathetic to the guerrilla insurgency. However, the model did not attempt to dismantle the landowner oligarchy nor the redistribution of coffee plantations, two critical causes of the armed conflict.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Land reform; Agriculture; Labor; Economy; Cold War; United States foreign policy
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0235_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96363

Title: U.S. Congressional Delegation Visit With Salvadoran Land Reform Authorities
Date: 1983-03-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A United States congressional delegation, right, speaks to land reform proponents in central El Salvador, March 1, 1983. Pictured from second right, U.S. Representative Bill Richardson, John McAward from the Unitarian Universalist Service Committee, UUSC, and U.S. Representative Jim Oberstar (1934-2014). Agrarian reform initiated in 1980 in El Salvador was designed by United States advisors, financed by the United States government, and implemented by the Salvadoran military. Over the course of the civil war from 1980-1992, the United States sent more than $6 billion to the Salvadoran government in economic and military aid.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Military aid; Foreign aid; Land reform; United States foreign policy; Cold War
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Bill Richardson; John McAward; Jim Oberstar
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0196_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96324

Title: Vargas Llosa Interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magana
Date: 1984-05-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, left, interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magaña, right, at the Presidential Palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 10, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting on the 1984 Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. Magaña's provisional government, installed in 1982, transferred presidential power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, JRG, to a civilian for the first time since the Junta took power in a military coup in 1979. However, Magaña remained heavily influenced by members of the military high command in key policy decisions, which rendered accountability for state crimes and agrarian reform stagnant issues during his presidency.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Government; Politics; Elections; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Land reform; Human rights violations; Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0010_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96138

Title: Vargas Llosa Interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magana
Date: 1984-05-10
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa, left, interviews Salvadoran President Álvaro Magaña, right, at the Presidential Palace in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 10, 1984. Vargas Llosa was reporting on the 1984 Salvadoran presidential elections for Time magazine. Magaña's provisional government, installed in 1982, transferred presidential power from the Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno, JRG, to a civilian for the first time since the Junta took power in a military coup in 1979. However, Magaña remained heavily influenced by members of the military high command in key policy decisions, which rendered accountability for state crimes and agrarian reform stagnant issues during his presidency.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Government; Politics; Elections; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold war; Land reform; Human rights violations; Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mario Vargas Llosa; Álvaro Magaña
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0011_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96139