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Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer, center, speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0078_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96927
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer, center, speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0083_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96932
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer, left, speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0088_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96937
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0075_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96924
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0092_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96817
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer, right, speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0093_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96818
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0094_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96819
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Army Directs Residents To Form Civil Defense Patrols In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents listen to a Guatemalan army officer, left, speak about forming civil defense patrols to secure their villages against leftist guerrilla attacks near Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0099_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96824
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0073_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96922
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0076_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96925
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0095_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96820
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0096_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96821
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local residents watch as Guatemalan army soldiers show captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The brutality and escalation in violence by state military forces led EGP to join the Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT, and Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas, Revolutionary Organization of People in Arms, ORPA, to establish the guerrilla coalition Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca, Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, URNG, in February of 1982. URNG and the Guatemalan government signed the UN-brokered "Accord for a Firm and Lasting Peace" on December 29, 1996, ending over three decades of conflict.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes (FAR); Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas (ORPA); Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT); Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0097_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96822
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Guatemalan Military Shows Leftist Guerrilla Banners Found In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-10-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Guatemalan army soldier stands amongst local residents showing captured banners made by militant guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, October 1, 1982. The brutality and escalation in violence by state military forces led EGP to join the Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT, and Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas, Revolutionary Organization of People in Arms, ORPA, to establish the guerrilla coalition Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca, Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, URNG, in February of 1982. URNG and the Guatemalan government signed the UN-brokered "Accord for a Firm and Lasting Peace" on December 29, 1996, ending over three decades of conflict.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Psychological warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes (FAR); Organización Revolucionario del Pueblo en Armas (ORPA); Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT); Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0098_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96823

Title: Journalists In San Vicente, El Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Three journalists working for international media, UPI reporter Michael Drudge, left, UPI photographer Ivan Montecinos, center, and Newsweek photographer John Hoagland, right, stand for a photograph in San Vicente, El Salvador, April 1, 1983. The three journalists were reporting on recent programs by the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in San Vicente.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Psychological warfare; Foreign aid; Humanitarian aid; Cold War; United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Michael Drudge; Ivan Montecinos; John Hoagland
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0207_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96335

Title: Laborers And USAID In Berlin, El Salvador
Date: 1983-04-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of laborers and their families gather to receive food allotments as part of a work-for-pay-and-food construction program sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, in Berlin, Usulután department, El Salvador, April 1983. USAID efforts in El Salvador were dramatically shaped by U.S. geopolitical concerns during the Cold War. Social and economic programs served as both humanitarian relief and a counterinsurgency strategy of pacification that was refined from its previous employment during the Vietnam War.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Counterinsurgency; United States foreign policy; Psychological warfare; Foreign aid; Humanitarian aid; Cold War; Development; United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0077_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96544

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0070_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96919

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A member of a local civil defense force stands for a photograph in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. The Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces. PACs effectively institutionalized military power at the local level by infiltrating and dissolving community loyalties and reorienting them to serve counterinsurgency efforts. The state regime was able to effectively recapture all guerrilla territory at an enormous cost in civilian deaths.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0074_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96923

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0077_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96926

Title: Local Civil Defense Patrol In Huehuetenango
Date: 1982-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Local civil defense forces patrol along a mountain road in rural Huehuetenango, Guatemala, September 1, 1982. Organization of the Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil, civil defense patrols, PAC, began in 1981 under Lucas García's military regime and was institutionalized after the coup d'état that brought Ríos Montt to power. The PACs were composed of members of rural communities particularly in the heavily indigenous northwest of the country and were directed with coercion and force by the Guatemalan Armed Forces.
Subject: Central America; Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Indigenous peoples; Maya peoples; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Psychological warfare; Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0080_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96929

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