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Title: Ambassador Stone At Ilopango Airport
Date: 1983-08-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: International media crowd United States Ambassador at Large to Central America Richard Stone as he prepares to depart at Ilopango Airport, San Salvador, El Salvador, August 1, 1983. Stone was facilitating preliminary peace talks between guerrilla leaders from the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front, FMLN, and the Salvadoran government. Negotiations between the groups were ongoing throughout the twelve-year civil war. United States involvement in the Salvadoran armed conflict can be traced to a strategic hegemonic dominance favored by U.S. policy in Latin America, as well as Cold War-era concerns over the spread of communism after the revolutions in Cuba and Nicaragua.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; United States foreign policy; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Cold War; Communism; Politics
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Richard Stone
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0262_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96455
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Armed FPL Officials Take Questions From Western News Organizations In La Palma, El Salvador
Date: 1983-02-06
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Journalists from western news organizations listen to leftist guerrilla officials from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, as they respond to questions during a press conference in La Palma, El Salvador, February 6, 1983. FPL, as a member of the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, acquired arms and strategic support from socialist parties in Vietnam, Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Soviet Union to fund their campaigns. The FMLN and their political counterpart the Frente Democrático Revolucionario, Revolutionary Democratic Front, FDR, were recognized as the established insurgency in El Salvador and played an integral role in the 1992 peace accords.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Communism; Arms trade; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN); Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL); Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR)
Country: El Salvador
Subject -- Personal Name: Mike Boetcher; Christopher Dickey; Tim Loughran; Willie Germand
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0013_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96141
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View of a cache of weapons and propaganda materials recently seized by the military from a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. The EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0029_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96878
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: View of a cache of weapons and propaganda materials recently seized by the military from a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house with General Benedicto Lucas García, far right, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. The EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0030_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96879
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, center, shows a group of international journalists a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Col. Lima Estrada was commander of the Quiché department army garrison. He received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, Lima Estrada served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns in the 1980s. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); School of the Americas (SOA); Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0036_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96885
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A group of international journalists are shown a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house with General Benedicto Lucas García, far right, at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, the Santa Cruz del Quiché garrison commander, center, observes the guerrilla equipment. In 1981 the military regime and the Guatemalan army initiated a brutal counterinsurgency program of scorched earth tactics to consolidate control over civilians and counteract the influence of the guerrilla insurgency. The genocidal policies enacted by President Fernando Romeo Lucas García and later by Efraín Ríos Montt were also intended to eradicate the culture and identity of the indigenous population. For his role as army general in the internal armed conflict, General Benedicto Lucas García was sentenced on May 23, 2018 to 58 years in prison for crimes against humanity, aggravated sexual violence, and enforced disappearance. Col. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Benedicto Lucas García; Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0037_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96886
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Guatemalan army soldier looks over a cache of weapons recently found by the military in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house at the regional military garrison in Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. The EGP emerged in 1967 from dissident factions of the guerrilla organization Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes, Rebel Armed Forces, FAR, Catholic followers of liberation theology, and students affiliated with the Juventud Patriótica del Trabajo, JPT, a youth wing of the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo, Guatemalan Labor Party, PGT. The EGP established themselves in the highlands where civilian support for their cause was high. Among their demands were land reform, access to healthcare, and a respect for human rights, particularly for the Maya population of the country.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Civilian casualties; Journalism; Foreign correspondents; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0041_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96890
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Captured Guerrilla Weapons Found By Guatemalan Armed Forces In Quiché
Date: 1982-02-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan army Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, center right, the commander of the Quiché department army garrison, looks over captured weapons and explosives found in a Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, safe house outside of Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala, February 1, 1982. Lima Estrada received U.S. Army counterintelligence training at Fort Benning, Georgia, the School of the Americas, and instruction from the U.S. Army Mobile Training Team (MTT) and the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). Following his term as intelligence chief, he served as senior officer in key operational units during the Guatemalan Armed Forces' "scorched earth" campaigns in the 1980s. Lima Estrada was convicted in 2001 for the 1998 murder of Catholic Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera, which is considered one of the most infamous crimes of Guatemala's post-war history.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Genocide; Military; Counterinsurgency; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military aid; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Human rights violations; Ejército Guerillero de los Pobres (EGP); Cold War; Byron Lima Estrada
Country: Guatemala
Subject -- Personal Name: Byron Lima Estrada
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0035_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96884
Rights statement: Copyright 1982 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Catholic Church In Cuba
Date: 1999-11-18
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman enters the Iglesia de la Regla across the harbor from Havana, Cuba on November 18, 1999. Following Pope John Paul's visit to Cuba in 1998, the Catholic church has experienced a resurgence of numbers of Cubans attending mass and spiritual ceremonies. The church has been called the only organized opposition to the Castro regime.
Subject: Appearance; Communism; Current Affairs; Development; Economy; Entertainment; Fidel Castro; Government; Human Interest; Leisure; Religion; Socialism; Tourism; Tourists; Tradition; Youth; Immigration; Exiles; U.S. Embargo; Batista; 1956 Revolution; Cold War
Country: Cuba
Local Identifier: cuba_nc_0003_web.tif
Rights statement: Copyright 1999 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Catholic Church In Cuba
Date: 1999-11-18
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A woman touches the statue of a Catholic saint in the Iglesia de la Regla across the harbor from Havana, Cuba on November 18, 1999. Following Pope John Paul's visit to Cuba in 1998, the Catholic church has experienced a resurgence of numbers of Cubans attending mass and spiritual ceremonies. The church has been called the only organized opposition to the Castro regime.
Subject: Appearance; Communism; Current Affairs; Development; Economy; Entertainment; Fidel Castro; Government; Human Interest; Leisure; Religion; Socialism; Tourism; Tourists; Tradition; Youth; Immigration; Exiles; U.S. Embargo; Batista; 1956 Revolution; Cold War
Country: Cuba
Local Identifier: cuba_nc_0004_web.tif
Rights statement: Copyright 1999 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Chess Tournement In Matanzas, Cuba
Date: 1999-11-18
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Cuban children participate in a chess tournament in Matanzas, Cuba on November 18, 1999. The Cuban economy is on the verge of collapsing after the former Soviet Union ended its aid and the US imposed an embargo on Cuba.
Subject: Appearance; Communism; Current Affairs; Development; Economy; Entertainment; Fidel Castro; Government; Human Interest; Leisure; Socialism; Tourism; Tourists; Tradition; Youth; Immigration; Exiles; U.S. Embargo; Batista; 1956 Revolution; Cold War
Country: Cuba
Local Identifier: cuba_ct_0014_web.tif
Rights statement: Copyright 1999 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Chinatown in Havana, Cuba
Date: 2001-04-12
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Chinese typesetter at the Cantonese and Spanish language weekly newspaper, "Kwong Wah Po", returns some of the 8000 Chinese lead characters to their slots after the issue welcoming Chinese President Jiang Zemin to Cuba has hit the streets in Havana, Cuba on April 12, 2001. The newspaper reaches out to the island's 328 ethnic Chinese residents with a 600 copy weekly circulation.
Subject: Appearance; Communism; Current Affairs; Development; Economy; Entertainment; Fidel Castro; Government; Human Interest; Leisure; Socialism; Tourism; Tourists; Tradition; Youth; Immigration; Exiles; U.S. Embargo; Batista; 1956 Revolution; Cold War
Country: Cuba
Local Identifier: cuba_nc_0016_web.jpg
Rights statement: Copyright 2001 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Civilian In San Miguel During ERP and Salvadoran Army Battle
Date: 1983-09-01
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A civilian resident stands outside his gate, recently painted with the name of a formation of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, ERP, La Brigada Arce Zablah, as ERP guerrillas engage in combat with government security forces in San Miguel, El Salvador, September 1, 1983. Considered the most militarily powerful of the guerrilla factions that constituted the coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN, the ERP organized the elite unit Brigada Arce Zablah outside of regular military forces. The brigade takes its name from a former leader within the organization, Rafael Arce Zablah, who was killed in combat in 1975.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0140_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96607
Rights statement: Copyright 1983 Robert Nickelsberg

Title: Civilians In Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel Department
Date: 1984-10-23
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A young boy sits in a home in Ciudad Barrios, San Miguel department, El Salvador, October 23, 1984. The country was engaged in a twelve-year civil war between successive authoritarian regimes, backed by the United States, and the guerrilla coalition Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, FMLN. The possibility of a negotiated settlement between the groups was visible as early as 1981, but the United States consistently discouraged the army from negotiating with the guerrillas. Only after a decade of inconclusive combat was Washington willing to acknowledge that military victory was unattainable, and the diplomatic solutions settled in the 1992 peace accords were not fundamentally different from the ones the army had resisted for years.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Counterinsurgency; Human rights violations; United States foreign policy; Cold War; Communism; Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_nb_0030_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96158

Title: Class For Refugees in Chalatenango Department
Date: 1981-02-22
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Students attend an outdoor grammar class in territory held by guerrillas from the Fuerzas Populares de Liberación, FPL, near Santa Anita, Chalatenango department, El Salvador, February 22, 1981. The children had been displaced by the ongoing armed conflict between guerrilla factions and government forces.
Subject: Central America; El Salvador; Civil war; Daily life; Insurgency; Marxism-Leninism; Socialism; Communism; Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL)
Country: El Salvador
Local Identifier: elsalvador_ct_0007_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96474

Title: Classical Buildings In Havana, Cuba
Date: 2001-04-12
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Tourists stop by an early 20th-century building in Old Havana, Cuba on April 12, 2001.
Subject: Appearance; Communism; Current Affairs; Development; Economy; Entertainment; Fidel Castro; Government; Human Interest; Leisure; Socialism; Tourism; Tourists; Tradition; Youth; Immigration; Exiles; U.S. Embargo; Batista; 1956 Revolution; Cold War
Country: Cuba
Local Identifier: cuba_nc_0031_web.jpg

Title: Classical Resdiences In Havana, Cuba
Date: 2001-04-12
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Baroque style building in Havana undergoes reconstruction in Havana, Cuba on April 12, 2001. The house is in the Vedado neighborhood near the Atlantic Ocean.
Subject: Appearance; Communism; Current Affairs; Development; Economy; Entertainment; Fidel Castro; Government; Human Interest; Leisure; Socialism; Tourism; Tourists; Tradition; Youth; Immigration; Exiles; U.S. Embargo; Batista; 1956 Revolution; Cold War
Country: Cuba
Local Identifier: cuba_nc_0030_web.jpg

Title: Classical Resdiences In Havana, Cuba
Date: 2001-04-12
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: A Baroque style building in Havana undergoes reconstruction in Havana, Cuba on April 12, 2001. The house is in the Vedado neighborhood near the Atlantic Ocean.
Subject: Appearance; Communism; Current Affairs; Development; Economy; Entertainment; Fidel Castro; Government; Human Interest; Leisure; Socialism; Tourism; Tourists; Tradition; Youth; Immigration; Exiles; U.S. Embargo; Batista; 1956 Revolution; Cold War
Country: Cuba
Local Identifier: cuba_nc_0032_web.jpg

Title: Clearing The Road From Guerrilla Sabatoge Before Elections
Date: 1982-03-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army soldiers and local civilians clear a section of the Pan American Highway blocked by felled trees during the ongoing civil war, Los Encuentros, Guatemala, March 7, 1982. The trees were downed in protest by the guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, to block the road the day of the presidential elections. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission determined 93 percent of the violence was committed by government forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Politics; Elections; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_ct_0049_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96898

Title: Clearing The Road From Guerrilla Sabotage Before Elections
Date: 1982-03-07
Creator: Nickelsberg, Robert
Description: Guatemalan Army soldiers and local civilians clear a section of the Pan American Highway blocked by felled trees during the ongoing civil war, Los Encuentros, Guatemala, March 7, 1982. The trees were downed in protest by the guerrilla group Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor, EGP, to block the road the day of the presidential elections. In the 36-year domestic armed conflict lasting from 1960 to 1996, an estimated 200,000 people were killed, up to 45,000 civilians were forcibly disappeared, and between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were internally displaced or fled the country. Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission determined 93 percent of the violence was committed by government forces.
Subject: Guatemala; Civil war; Insurgency; Guerrilla warfare; Military; Politics; Elections; Marxism-Leninism; Communism; Cold War; Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP)
Country: Guatemala
Local Identifier: guatemala_nb_0076_web.tif
URI/handle: http://hdl.handle.net/1961/auislandora:96801

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